Broca's aphasia - Sarah Scott - teenage stroke

Scary Ghost Pictures

Real Ghost Pictures

Paranormal phenomenon

In good words from Wikipedia Paranormal that designates experiences that lie outside "the range of normal experience or scientific explanation" or that indicates phenomena that are understood to be outside of science's current ability to explain or measure.[1][4] Paranormal phenomena are distinct from certain hypothetical entities, such as dark matter and dark energy, insofar as paranormal phenomena are inconsistent with the world as already understood through empirical observation coupled with scientific methodology.
Moreover, thousands stories have been relating to paranormal phenomenon are found in popular culture, folklore, and the recollections of individual subjects. In contrast, the scientific community, as referenced in statements made by organizations such as the United States National Science Foundation, maintains that scientific evidence does not support a variety of beliefs that have been characterized as paranormal.
As we know, a ghost is a demonstration of the spirit or soul of a anyone. But, different theories expand on that idea and include belief in the ghosts of deceased animals. Sometimes the word "ghost" is used synonymously with any spirit or demon, nevertheless in popular usage the term typically refers to a deceased person's spirit. The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely tied to the concept of animism, an ancient belief which attributed souls to everything in nature.
Besides, several theories have been proposed by scientists to provide normal explanations for ghost sightings. Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread and persistent. But, the possibility of extraterrestrial life is not, by itself, a paranormal subject. Many scientists are actively engaged in the search for unicellular life within the solar system, carrying out studies on the surface of Mars and examining that have fallen to Earth. Projects such as SETI are conducting an astronomical search for radio activity that would show evidence of intelligent life outside the solar system.
Now days, both secular and spiritual believers, are having abilities beyond what are considered possible according to know aerodynamic constraints and physical laws.

Aphasia

According with Wikipedia this word is pronounced /əˈfeɪziə/), from the Greek root word "aphatos", meaning speechless, is an acquired language disorder in which there is an impairment of any language modality. This may include difficulty in producing or comprehending spoken or written language.Traditionally, aphasia suggests the total impairment of language ability, and dysphasia a degree of impairment less than total.
Depending on the area and extent of brain damage, someone suffering from aphasia may be able to speak but not write, or vice versa, or display any of a wide variety of other deficiencies in language comprehension and production, such as being able to sing but not speak. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage.
1. Working from Wernicke's model of aphasia, Ludwig Lichtheim proposed five other types of aphasia those are:
2. Pure word deafness
3. Conduction aphasia
4. Apraxia of speech, which is now considered a separate disorder in itself.
5. Transcortical motor aphasia
6. Transcortical sensory aphasia
Aphasia can be divided into primary and secondary aphasia.
• Primary aphasia is due to problems with language-processing mechanisms.
• Secondary aphasia is the result of other problems, like memory impairments, attention disorders, or perceptual problems.
The cognitive neuropsychological model builds on cognitive neuropsychology. It assumes that language processing can be broken down into a number of modules, each of which has a specific function.
Signs and symptoms
People with aphasia may experience any of the following behaviors due to an acquired brain injury, although some of these symptoms may be due to related or concomitant problems such as dysarthria or apraxia and not primarily due to aphasia.
• inability to comprehend language, inability to pronounce, not due to muscle paralysis or weakness
• inability to speak spontaneously
• inability to form words
• inability to name objects
• poor enunciation
• excessive creation and use of personal neologisms
• inability to repeat a phrase
• persistent repetition of phrases
• paraphasia (substituting letters, syllables or words)
• agrammatism (inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion)
• dysprosody (alterations in inflexion, stress, and rhythm)
• incompleted sentences
• inability to read
• inability to write
• limited verbal output
• difficulty in naming
Treatment
There is no one treatment proven to be effective for all types of aphasias. Melodic intonation therapy is often used to treat non-fluent aphasia and has proved to be very effective in some cases.